First Glass Skyscraper with Built-In Wind Turbines – “Strata Towers”

Yet another skyscraper surfaces on London’s skyline - “Strata SE1” at Elephant and Castle. Strata SE1 is a 43-story Tower with a height of 147 metres (485 ft) and a five-story Pavilion which features 408 high-quality apartments along with space for shops and restaurants.

Strata Towers is the first building in the world to incorporate wind turbines directly into its structure, and is also tallest residential building in central London. It is also dubbed “Razor”, since its structure resembles the shape of electric shaving razor. This architectural landmark is designed by BFLS, formally known as Hamiltons.

The Strata Towers is glazed entirely with high performance Low-E architectural glass. Large glass surfaces of the building raise internal building temperatures and promote the “heat island” effect in cities. Floor-to-ceiling windows in each apartment give a breathtaking view of the surroundings and operable windows provide natural daylight to the residents.

Energy efficiency measures at the building include using a natural, “whole house” ventilation system (with heat recovery) instead of air-conditioning – a feasible approach given the island nation’s mild climate, which ranges from about 0ºC (32°Fahrenheit) in winter to a balmy 32ºC (89.6° Fahrenheit) in summer. Sustainable features also include heating systems, low energy lighting and 96 percent recycling of construction waste.

Wind Turbines

The tower avails full advantage of the area’s 35mph of south-west wind speed. Wind turbines use five 30 ft. diameter and 19 kW blades instead of three as in conventional turbines, to minimize noise. Each blade configures to 9 m length and 30 ft. diameter. Four anti-vibration dampeners help alleviate vibrations to the building.

Three building-integrated wind turbines in this building generate 8% of the total electricity needs of the building, roughly enough to run the electrical and mechanical services (including three express lifts and automated window-cleaning rigs) as well as the lighting, heating and ventilation of its public spaces, which include an underground car and bicycle park.

The turbines are designed to rely on the Venturi effect (the Bernoulli principle as applied to fluid dynamics), which increases wind velocities as a result of a building’s height, shape and adjacent terrain to generate approximately 50MWh of electricity annually.

Save Money through Energy Efficient Secondary Glazing

Implementation of Secondary Glazing can be the ideal path towards attainment of Niravana for Listed Buildings. Well not really, actually just the attainment of energy-efficiency. Secondary Glazing is also recommended for buildings in conservation areas where replacing existing windows is not a practical option. In implementing this option, there is no planning consent required; there are also no maintenance problems. And of course, the biggest benefit is the monetary one; where power and water bills dip significantly. Secondary Glazing also helps create a thermal barrier and controls the penetration of noise from the outside.

Secondary Glazing is unobtrusive, can be flexible or fixed, and can be installed quickly and without the need for building works or redecoration.

Energy Efficient Secondary Glazing involves adding an extra slim-line window in addition to existing windows. Secondary Glazing is often made from slim-line, durable aluminium. It is virtually maintenance-free and gives several years of trouble-free service. Secondary Glazing comes in many styles and colours to match existing windows. Curtains and blinds remain almost unaffected. Secondary Double Glazing is perfect for listed buildings and rented accommodation where altering or replacing the prime window is not possible.

Secondary Glazing can be implemented using a range of glass depending on the key objective. By fitting standard 4mm "float" or "toughened" glazing, a significant reduction in noise and draughts can be attained. For reduction in heat loss, a 4mm glass with a low energy coating on one side can be used. This coating reflects heat back into the room.

Advantages

• Eliminates draughts and offers thermal insulation
• Provides sound insulation
• Retains the character of existing windows
• It is unobtrusive – slender frames do not detract from the look of the rooms
• Offers a choice of fixed, hinged, lift-out plus vertical and horizontal sliding units
• Can be opened, slid aside or removed completely
• Is significantly cheaper than replacement double glazed windows
• Is quick to install and does not require redecoration after fitting
• No planning consent required
• Is easy to maintain and clean
• Increases home security
  

Applications

Secondary glazing is applicable mainly in the following areas:

• Single glass conservatories and outhouses
• Home offices such as garden cabins where heat loss is high
• Offices, schools, place of worship, pubs and other business premises
  

Secondary Double Glazing

“Secondary Double Glazing” is the term used to refer to the process of insulation that involves fixing a window or a door on the inside of another window or door. A space is left between the panes so that the air inside can act as an insulator.

Secondary Double Glazing is actually an inexpensive way of insulating a room against external noise. Installation of Secondary Double Glazing on the doors and windows reduces 50 percent of the total heat loss. This implies a redundancy in the purchase of room heaters - All that has to be done is close the windows and doors for the interiors to get warm within no time. Thus, Secondary Double Glazing is a definite step towards attaining energy-efficiency.

Another benefit of Secondary Double Glazing is enhancement in security. The double glaze will deter burglars who will find it rather hard to break into the premises! The double glaze makes doors and windows strong and durable. This type of security glazing is common in safe rooms, banks, computer facilities and vulnerable laboratories. Most conventional wooden doors and windows are likely to get damaged by extreme weather conditions; secondary double glazed doors and windows have no chance of getting affected by adverse weather conditions.

Other benefits of Secondary Double Glazing include draft proofing and reduction in the entry of dust, obstruction of UV light, and so on. Secondary Double Glazing is a common feature in many buildings that require high levels of noise reduction. For efficient noise reduction, the material that is normally used for Secondary Double Glazing is acoustic glass. Asymmetric secondary double glazing is the best method for effective acoustic noise reduction.

There is a wide array of materials that can be used for Secondary Double Glazing. The most commonly used is the UPVC double glazing. UPVC is available in many colors including white, light shades of blue, brown and cream. They are also available in different styles and sizes.

Other materials that can be used for Secondary Double Glazing are aluminum, preferred for its strength and durability, and hardwood.

Satin Glass

Satin glass was first made as decorative pressed glass in England and the United States during the 1880s. Satin glass is similar to milk glass in that it is opaque, and has decorative surface patterns moulded into it; however, satin glass has a satin, rather than glossy surface.

Satin glass is typically tinted with a pastel color, blue being the most common. Satin glass is also used to impart privacy where full transparency of glass is undesirable. Satin glass arouses a lot of interest through its unusual feel and appearance.

Satin glass is nothing but any glass that has been chemically treated to give it a satin finish. Satin Glass is made by treating finished glass products with hydrofluoric acid to remove the shine. Normally clear glass is dipped into hydrofluoric acid, which eats away the shine and dulls the surface. The finish itself is both visible and most certainly recognizable by the touch. The term "satin glass" is frequently used to refer to a collectible type of pressed glass.

Satin Glass looks sandblasted but is actually acid-etched. It reveals finger prints less than real sandblasted glass. In certain varieties of satin glass such as “Clear Shield” or “Diamond Fusion”, finger prints are even less visible.

Good pieces of satin glass feel actually like a piece of fine satin cloth. The translucent quality of satin glass make it especially desirable for use in lampshades; a form of satin glass still has a universal practical use in “pearl” or frosted light bulbs. Satin glass is typically used as art glass in windows or doors.

Liquid Crystal Glass

Introduction



Liquid crystal glazing is the use of glass that allows you to switch between transparency and translucence at the push of a button. The secret of the transformation between clear glass and translucent glass is found in its ‘Liquid Crystal Sheet’. Liquid crystal glazing comprises laminated glass, with a minimum of two clear or coloured sheets of glass and a liquid crystal film, assembled between at least two plastic interlayers. In the ‘off’ state, the liquid crystals are not aligned, which prevents vision, yet allows light to pass through the glass. When is it switched ‘on’, the liquid crystals align, turning the glass transparent and allowing visibility. The change in transparency takes place within milliseconds.

A piece of glass can adjust the rate of light transmission by changing its transparency or colour. This process is called a ‘chromogenic’ one. There are several types of chromogenics, namely, electrochromic, photochromic, thermochromic and gasochromic etc. The most popular is electrochromic.

Electrochromic:

Electrochromic devices change light transmission properties in response to voltage and thus control the amount of light and heat passing through. In electrochromic windows, the electrochromic material changes its opacity. A burst of electricity is required for changing opacity, but once the change has been effectuated, no electricity is needed for maintaining the particular shade which has been reached.

Darkening occurs from the edges, moving inward, and is a slow process, ranging from several seconds to several minutes depending on window size. Electrochromic glass allows visibility even in the darkened state and thus preserves visible contact with the outside environment. It has been used in small-scale applications such as rearview mirrors.

Electrochromic technology also finds use in indoor applications - for example, for protection of objects under the glass of museum display cases and picture frame glass from the damaging effects of the ultraviolet and visible wavelengths of artificial light.

Two Types:

There are two types of electrochromic: PDLC (polymer dispersed liquid crystal) and SPD (suspension particle device). PDLC is more frequently used.

1. Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Glass (PDLC)

PDLC glass is a light control glass. It can regulate and adjust the light intensity or light transmission through the glass. Sometimes, it is referred to as intelligent glass, magic glass, privacy glass, smart glass or switchable glass.

2. Suspended Particle Device (SPD)

The liquid crystal Suspended Particle Device (SPD) contains molecular particles suspended in a solution between plates of glass. In their natural state, the particles move randomly and collide, blocking the direct passage of light. When energized, the particles align rapidly and the glazing becomes transparent. This type of switchable glazing can block up to about 90 percent of light.
Residential windows with liquid crystal glazing that switches from clear to milky white has been introduced in the U.S. Although the windows do not significantly reduce the amount of light transmission, they provide privacy by reducing transparency. This type of glazing requires a steady current to keep the glass in the clear state.

Applications

Liquid crystal glazing is designed for internal applications, including partitions, display cases and bank screens. Liquid crystal glass is a popular choice for the home, corporate environment, or anyplace where there is a need for privacy or protection. Switchable liquid crystal glass is a state-of-the-art glass that provides complete privacy on demand and is becoming popular with builders, designers, architects and consumers. By eliminating the need for shades, curtains or blinds, the liquid crystal in the glass also protects fine furnishings, carpets and displays from UV damage.

High net worth individuals, government bodies and corporate setups use polymer-dispersed liquid crystal regulating light glass to embellish their homes and offices. Disneyland amusement park also uses this kind of glass. It is even used in upper segment cars like the BMW.

Acid-Etched Glass

Acid etching is a process that uses a strong acid to cut into another substance. It is used for both industrial and artistic purposes. For example, etching can be used to prepare flooring like cement for painting or refinishing, while artists use it to create detailed pictures on metal or glass.

Acid-etched glass has a distinctive, uniformly smooth and satin-like appearance. Acid-etched glass admits light while providing softening and vision control.

Origin of Acid-etched glass

During the middle ages, acid glass-etching was somehow clouded with controversy since its acid medium, hydrofluoric acid, caused too much of a health risk to the artisans. In fact the acid was so potent that users were found to have been poisoned even by its mere fumes. Accidents most often happened where a skin contact with the acid dissolved into the tissues, which later resulted in mutilation or loss of the artisan’s fingers. As a result, acid etched glass craftsmanship lacked refinement and thus lost its luster as an art collection.

Now, there are etching tools such as swivel knives, pick knives, adhesive masks aside from the squeegee which makes it possible for an ordinary person to work on acid glass-etching.

Acid-Etching Glass production

Acid etched glass is produced by acid etching one side of float glass. Etched glass is created by cutting a design stencil that is made of an abrasive resistant material, such as vinyl or rubber. The resulting stencil is called a resist. The resist is then secured onto the glass to be etched. A blaster gun, powered by an air compressor, is used to bombard the glass with the abrasive. Every part of the glass that is not covered by the resist will take the frosted effect while the parts protected by the resist will remain clear, thus producing a piece of etched glass.

Etching glass - Hydrofluoric acid

Glass is etched by hydrofluoric acid, or by hydrofluoric acid gas. The gaseous acid has the property of producing a surface which resembles ground glass in its appearance; the liquid acid produces clear etching. Etching glass, therefore, consists of 2 distinct branches. First, the production of a dull image on a clear surface (when the gas is used) and second, the production of a clear image on a surface previously ground or dulled by means of the liquid acid.

The glass plate to be etched is cleaned and gently warmed until hot enough to melt wax. The surface is then covered with an equable layer of white wax, by rubbing the wax over it. When cold, the design is cut out of the wax with a graver. A shallow leaden trough, about the size of the plate (but a trifle smaller) is obtained, into which is placed a small quantity of finely - powdered fluorspar. This must be weighed and then gently sifted over the bottom of the trough. To every 2 parts by weight of fluorspar add 3 of good oil of vitriol. Stir quickly with a wooden stick, and place on the hob or other warm place. Vapour will soon rise.

Now the trough is removed and covered over with the waxed and graved plate, wax side downwards. In a very short time, the acid will have etched the bare portions of the glass. When sufficiently etched, remove the wax by melting. To prepare the liquid acid for clear etching, place 2 parts fluorspar and 3 of sulphuric acid in a leaden retort, the tube of which must dip into a leaden bottle half - filled with water.

Apply heat to the retort as long as the water will absorb the fames generated. If a ground glass be prepared with wax, as above, and a ledge of wax or putty be made round it, on pouring the liquid acid on the plate, clear lines on the dull ground will result; or a "flashed" colored glass may, by the same means, a colorless picture on a colored ground can be done. The sheets of clear glass may themselves be dulled by exposing them, without previously waxing, to the fumes of the acid gas.

Applications

Acid etched glass is perfect for both interior and exterior applications. Architecture and construction, like in houses, restaurants, hotels, commercial buildings, etc. They are found in many residential applications such as home decoration like furniture components. Some of the suggested applications are:

• Interior partitions
• Railings
• Shelves
• Shower and bath enclosures
• Doors and windows
• Glass walls
• Kitchens
• Interior and exterior doors

Etched Glass

Decorative glass of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was sometimes put through a process of ‘etching’ to produce a frosted pattern. Etched glass is the result of intentional and often artistic carving of the surface of glass to leave a white, frosted finish. This technique is used to create designs on the glass.

Etching refers to the technique of creating art on the surface of glass by applying acidic, caustic, or abrasive substances. Etched glass can be found in a wide variety of decorative contexts, including glass doors and windows, furniture, wine bottles, and serving dishes. The skill of the artisan etching the glass will determine the quality and detail of the resulting piece.

There are three ways to create a piece of etched glass:

1. Sand-blasting
2. Acid-etching
3. Chemical etching

Sandblasting

Sandblasting is the act of shooting an abrasive material, such as sand, at a piece of glass. There are three other types of sandblasting techniques: Carving, shading, and surface etching. A combination of all three techniques can also used.

Acid etching

Acid etching uses an acid resistant material to cover areas of the glass that the artist wants protected. Hydrofluoric acid is then applied to the glass to produce the design.

Chemical etching

Chemical etching is another way to produce etched glass and is normally what is found in glass etching kits. Just as in sandblasting, a stencil is used to protect the glass where the etching effect is not desired. Instead of an abrasive, however, a chemical cream is applied to the glass. It is this etching cream that produces the final frosted effect.

Acid etching can create the same appearance as sandblasted glass. One of the major advantages of acid etching over sand blasting is that it can be done simply and without as many tools. A frosting effect can also be achieved using different strengths of acid etching compounds.

History of Glass Making

What is Glass?

Glass is a type of solid material which is typically brittle and transparent. Glass is commonly used for bottles, glasses, furniture, windows, building facades, and even eyewear. Glass is defined as an inorganic product of fusion which has been cooled through its transition into the solid state without crystallizing. Most glass contains silica as its main component. The term glass was coined in the Roman Empire several centuries ago.

Spark of Glass

Before the human race started to manufacture glass, they had found natural glass in two different forms. When lightning strikes sand, the heat makes sand to fuse into long, slender glass tubes called fulgurites. This kind of glass is commonly called petrified lightning. The tremendous heat from a volcanic eruption also sometimes fuses rocks and sand into a type of glass called obsidian.

Obsidian or Volcanic Glass



In early times, people shaped obsidian into knives, arrowheads, jewellery, and even money. Obsidian was highly prized in prehistory wherever it was found. The glassy material came in a range of colours – right from black and green to bright orange, and was found wherever rhyolite-rich volcanic deposits were found. The shiny beauty, fine texture, and the sharpness of its flaked edges made obsidian a very popular trade item.

It is generally believed that the first manufactured glass was in the form of a glaze on ceramic vessels, around 3000 B.C. The first glass vessels were produced in 1500 B.C. in Egypt and Mesopotamia. The glass industry was extremely successful for the next 300 years, and then saw a decline. It was revived in Mesopotamia in 700 B.C. and in Egypt in 500 B.C. For the next 500 years, Egypt, Syria, and the other countries along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea became glassmaking centers.

At the early stages, glassmaking was a slow and expensive process, and required hard work. Glass blowing and glass pressing were unknown, furnaces were small, clay pots were of poor quality, and the heat was hardly sufficient for melting. But glassmakers eventually learned how to make coloured glass jewellery, cosmetics’ cases, and tiny jugs and jars. People who could afford them—the priests and the ruling classes—considered glass objects as valuable as jewels. Soon merchants learned that wines, honey, and oils could be carried and preserved far better in glass bottles than in wood or clay containers.

Turning point with blowpipes

The blowpipe was invented in 30 B.C., probably along the eastern Mediterranean coast. This invention made glass production easier, faster, and cheaper. As a result, glass became available to the common people for the first time. The long thin metal tube used in the glass blowing process has changed very little since then. In the last century BC, the ancient Romans then began blowing glass inside moulds, greatly increasing the variety of shapes possible for hollow glass items.

Glassblowing

Glassblowing is a glass forming technique that involves inflating the molten glass into a bubble, or parson, with the aid of the blowpipe, or blow tube. A person who blows glass is called a glassblower, glass smith, or gaffer. Free-blowing is a kind of glass blowing technique.

Free-blowing

This glass making technique was used until the late nineteenth century and is still widely used. The process of free-blowing involves the blowing of short puffs of air into a molten portion of glass which is gathered at one end of a blowpipe. This has the effect of forming an elastic skin on the interior of the glass blob that matches the exterior, formed by the removal of heat from the furnace. The glassworker can then quickly inflate the molten glass to a coherent blob and work it into a desired shape.

First Golden Age of Glass: Roman Empire

Glassblowing was greatly encouraged under the Roman rule. Glass manufacture became important in all countries under Roman rule. In fact, the first four centuries of the Christian era can justly be called the First Golden Age of Glass. The glassmakers of this time knew how to make transparent glass, and knew offhand glass blowing, painting, and gilding (application of gold leaf). They knew how to build up layers of glass of different colours and then cut out designs with high precision.

It was the Romans who began to use glass for architectural purposes, with the discovery of clear glass (through the introduction of manganese oxide) in Alexandria around AD 100. Cast glass windows, albeit with poor optical qualities, thus began to appear in the most important buildings in Rome and the most luxurious villas of Herculaneum and Pompeii.

The decline of the Roman Empire and culture slowed progress in the field of glassmaking techniques, particularly through the 5th century. Germanic glassware became less ornate, with craftsmen abandoning or not developing the decorating skills they had acquired.

Early Middle Age

Towards the year AD 1000, a significant change in European glassmaking techniques took place. Given the difficulties in importing raw materials, soda glass was gradually replaced by glass made using the potash obtained from the burning of trees. At this point, glass made in the north of the Alps began to differ from glass made in the Mediterranean area, with Italy, for example, sticking to soda ash as its dominant raw material.

Second Golden Age of Glass

Glass manufacture had developed in Venice by the time of the Crusades (A.D. 1096-1270), and by the 1290's, an elaborate guild system of glassworkers had been set up. Equipment was transferred to the Venetian island of Murano, and the Second Golden Age of Glass began. Venetian glass blowers created some of the most delicate and graceful glass the world had ever seen. They perfected Cristallo glass, a nearly colourless, transparent glass, which could be blown to extreme thinness in almost any shape.

Sheet Glass

The 11th century also saw the development by German glass craftsmen of a technique - then further developed by Venetian craftsmen in the 13th century - for the production of glass sheets.

By blowing a hollow glass sphere and swinging it vertically, gravity would pull the glass into a cylindrical "pod" measuring as much as 3 meters long, with a width of up to 45 cm. While still hot, the ends of the pod were cut off and the resulting cylinder cut lengthways and laid flat.

Glazing remained, however, a great luxury up to the late Middle Ages, with only buildings like royal palaces and churches adorned with glass windows. Stained glass windows reached their peak as the Middle Ages drew to a close.

By the late 1400's and early 1500's, glassmaking had become important in Germany and other northern European countries. It became important in England during the 1500's.

Lead Glass



By 1575, English glassmakers were producing Venetian-style glass. In 1674, an English glassmaker named George Ravenscroft patented a new type of glass in which he had changed the usual ingredients. This glass, called lead glass, contained a large amount of lead oxide. This brilliant glass with a high refractive index was very well suited for deep cutting and engraving.

Plate Pouring Process

In 1688, in France, a new process was developed for the production of plate glass, principally for use in mirrors, whose optical qualities had, until then, left much to be desired. The molten glass was poured onto a special table and rolled out flat. After cooling, the plate glass was ground on large round tables by means of rotating cast iron discs and increasingly fine abrasive sands, and then polished using felt disks. The result of this "plate pouring" process was flat glass with good optical transmission qualities. When coated on one side with a reflective, low melting metal, high-quality mirrors could be produced.

Glass in America

Sandwich Glass, an early American glass was made by the Boston and Sandwich Glass Company, founded by Deming Jarves in 1825. In the early 1800's, the type of glass in greatest demand was window glass. At that time, window glass was called crown glass.

Crown Glass

Other types of sheet glass included crown glass (also known as "bullions"), relatively common across Western Europe. With this technique, a glass ball was blown and then opened outwards on the opposite side to the pipe. Spinning the semi-molten ball then caused it to flatten and increase in size, but only up to a limited diameter. The panes thus created would then be joined with lead strips and pieced together to create windows.

Cylinder Process

By 1825, the cylinder process had replaced the crown method. In this process, molten glass was blown into the shape of a cylinder. After the cylinder cooled, it was sliced down one side. When reheated, it opened up to form a large sheet of thin, clear window glass.

In the 1850's, plate glass was developed for mirrors and other products requiring a high quality of flat glass. This glass was made by casting a large quantity of molten glass onto a round or square plate. After the glass was cooled, it was polished on both sides.

Modern Flat Glass Technology



In the production of flat glass, the first real innovation came in 1905 when a Belgian named Fourcault managed to vertically draw a continuous sheet of glass of a consistent width from the tank. Commercial production of sheet glass using the Fourcault process eventually got under way in 1914.

Around the end of the First World War, another Belgian engineer Emil Bicheroux developed a process whereby the molten glass was poured from a pot directly through two rollers. Like the Fourcault method, this resulted in glass with a more even thickness, and made grinding and polishing easier and more economical.

An off-shoot of evolution in flat glass production was the strengthening of glass by means of lamination (inserting a celluloid material layer between two sheets of glass). The process was invented and developed by the French scientist Edouard Benedictus, who patented his new safety glass under the name "Triplex" in 1910. In America, Colburn developed another method for drawing sheet glass.

The float process developed after the Second World War by Britain's Pilkington Brothers Ltd., and introduced in 1959, combined the brilliant finish of sheet glass with the optical qualities of plate glass. Molten glass, when poured across the surface of a bath of molten tin, spreads and flattens before being drawn horizontally in a continuous ribbon into the annealing lehr. Till today, 90 percent of flat glass is manufactured by this process.

Mir Stekla - 2010

Significant properties and massive potential of the glass made itself as a widely used construction material. Because of the wide range spread of glass in various fields, the Russian glass market is dramatically growing. This leads to the arrival of the new companies every year. Adding the growth of the Russian glass market, international trades show namely Mir Stekla is being conducted every year. This exhibition started its journey in the year of 1999. Mir Stekla International exhibition is the largest trade show for the glass industry in Russia, CIS and Eastern Europe.

Mir Stekla (World of Glass) – 2010, 12th international exhibition for Glass products, Manufacturing, Processing and Finishing Technology is going to be held from June 7-10, 2010 at Expocentr’ Krasnaya Presnya Fairgrounds, Moscow, Russia. This exhibition is going to be organized by ZAO Expocentr. This exhibition carries the official UFI label “UFI Approved Event” and the label of RUEF – the Russian Union of Exhibitions and fairs and the trade show will be supported by the chamber of commerce and industry of the Russian federation.

Opportunities
Mir Stekla offers a place to introduce the new products and grab the audience focus easily. It also increases the customer’s perception on the products by face to face communication and enhances brand awareness. Mir Stekla will provide a great platform to analysis the needs and expectations of the clients or customers. This show makes the product to reach the greater number of target customers by direct sales.

This exhibition will cover several sectors such as Glass production, production technology, production and treatment of sheet glass, machine-tools and equipment for production and finishing treatment of other kinds of glass, research and development in glass industry, technology and the production of refractory, auxiliary equipment and tools, contract work, service, consulting engineering, ready-made glassware and so on.

Exhibitors’ profile
It is expected that this exhibition will be occupied by exhibitors from 24 countries. Exhibit profile includes auxiliary and operating materials, batching equipment, coating technology, measuring and testing equipment, raw materials, artistic glass production equipment, cooling system, drilling equipments, instrument control system, windows or doors fabrication machinery etc.

Visitors’ profile
Visitors profile includes glass manufacturers, architects, automobile component distributors, Automobile manufactures, contractors, engineers, property developers, windows and façade builders and so on. Visitors are also expected from more than 24 nations.

A large attendance of glass industry professionals from various places and also from the Russia will definitely yield a great profit for the exhibitors who are exhibiting the products. High quality service provided by the Expocentr’ staff and the venue’s well-developed infrastructure will definitely promote successful exhibiting.